tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22274670819028717502024-03-13T03:04:42.725-07:00MikrobiologiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14414399326845328118noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2227467081902871750.post-78923222275686414792012-11-29T14:57:00.000-08:002012-11-29T15:04:07.526-08:00Reproduksi aseksual dan seksual dari kapang<!--[if !mso]>
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<a href="http://biologi-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/kapang-jamur.html"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">KAPANG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( JAMUR</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
)</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KLASIFIKASI JAMUR </span></u></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
ZYGOMICOTINA </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.ASCOMICOTINA</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
BASIDIOMICOTINA</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
DEUTEROMICOTINA </span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "\; mso-fareast-font-family: "\;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zygomycotina</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zigomycotina memiliki ciri-ciri
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa tidak
bersekat dan bersifat koenositik (mempunyai beberapa inti).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding
sel tersusun dari kitin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reproduksi
aseksual dan seksual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
berfungsi untuk menyerap makanan, yang disebut rhizoid.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rhizopus
oligoporus (jamur tempe), </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rhizopus
nigricans.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mucor mucedo dan Pilobolus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pada kotoran ternak,roti, sisa tumbuhan
dan hewan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Miselium berkembang dalam substrat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mucor javanicus untuk pembuatan tape</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rhizopus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pada tape dan tempe,memiliki kemampuan
memecah protein dan lemak,biasa digunakan untuk membuat oncom putih dan tempe </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rhizopus oryzae untuk membuat tempe </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rhizopus nigricans pada tomat dan mampu
menghasilkan asam fumarat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 80%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rhyzopus stolonifer pada roti basi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reproduksi Zygomycotina</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aseksual</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujung
hifa membentuk gelembung sporangium yang menghasilkan spora.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila
spora jatuh di tempat yang cocok akan tumbuh menjadi hifa baru.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
bercabang-cabang membentuk miselium.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tubuh
jamur terdiri dari rhizoid, sporangiofor dengan sporangiumnya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sporangium
menghasilkan spora baru.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seksual</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua
ujung hifa berbeda, yaitu hifa– dan hifa+ bersentuhan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua
ujung hifa menggelembung membentuk gametangium yang terdapat banyak inti
haploid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inti
haploid gametangium melebur membentuk zigospora diploid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zigospora
berkecambah tumbuh menjadi sporangium.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di
dalam sporangium terjadi meiosis dan menghasilkan spora haploid. Spora
haploid keluar, jika jatuh di tempat cocok akan tumbuh menjadi hifa.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatikan siklus hidup micotina ini <br />
<br />
</span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_4IwHTsRufBg/TG-NeEHqGXI/AAAAAAAAEYI/hhSX_VKv_Os/s1600/zygomicotina.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\GENTLE~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="32" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "\; mso-fareast-font-family: "\;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ascomycotina</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ascomycotina memiliki ciri-ciri, antara lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
bersekat-sekat dan di tiap sel biasanya berinti satu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersel
satu atau bersel banyak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
jenis Ascomycotina dapat bersimbiosis dengan ganggang hijau dan ganggang
biru membentuk lumut kerak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai
alat pembentuk spora yang disebut askus, yaitu suatu sel yang berupa
gelembung atau tabung tempat terbentuknya askospora. Askospora merupakan
hasil dari reproduksi generatif.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding
sel dari zat kitin.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reproduksi
seksual dan aseksual.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sacharomyces
cereviceae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk pembuatan roti.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penicillium
chrysogenum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk pembuatan antibiotik
penisilin.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penicillium
notatum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk pembuatan antibiotik
penisilin.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neurospora
sitophilla</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk pembuatan oncom.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neurospora
crassa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk penelitian genetika,
karena daur hidup seksualnya hanya sebentar.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reproduksi
Ascomycotina</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Reproduksi dapat dilakukan secara
vegetatif (aseksual) dan generative (seksual).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aseksual</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersel
Satu (Uniselluler) Dengan membentuk tunas, misalnya pada <i>Sacharomyces
cereviceae.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersel
Banyak (Multiseluler) Dengan konidia <i>(konidiospora)</i>, misalnya pada <i>Penicillium.</i></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konidiospora,
yaitu spora yang dihasilkan secara berantai berjumlah empat butir oleh
ujung suatu hifa, hifa tersebut disebut konidiofor.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seksual</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersel
satu </span></li>
</ul>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konjugasi
antara dua gametangia (misalnya dua sel <i>Sacharomyces</i>, berfungsi
sebagai gametangia), menghasilkan zigot diploid (2n). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zigot
membesar menjadi askus. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di
dalam askus terbentuk delapan askospora yang tersusun dalam dua jalur atau
satu jalur. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di
dalam askus terjadi meiosis dan terbentuk empat askospora haploid (n).</span></li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersel
banyak </span></li>
</ul>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
membentuk antheridium dan askogonium (oogonium).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Askogonium
membentuk tonjolan yang disebut trikogen yang menghubungkan antara
askogonium dan antheridium.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inti-inti
askogonium berpasangan dan inti tersebut membelah membentuk hifa yang
berisi satu pasang inti (hifa dikarion= hifa berinti dua).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
dikarion kemudian memanjang dan membentuk miselium yang akan membentuk
badan buah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya
ujung-ujung dikarion membentuk askus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua
inti sel bersatu, kemudian mengadakan pembelahan meiosis, sehingga
terbentuk askospora yang haploid.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 100%; mso-bidi-font-family: "\; mso-fareast-font-family: "\;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basidiomycotina</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basidiomycotina memiliki ciri-ciri, antara lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifanya
bersekat, mengandung inti haploid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai
tubuh buah yang bentuknya seperti payung yang terdiri dari bagian batang
dan tudung. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
bagian bawah tudung tampak adanya lembaran-lembaran (bilah) yang merupakan
tempat terbentuknya basidium. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tubuh
buah disebut basidiokarp.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reproduksi secara seksual dan aseksual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miselium ada 3 macam, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miselium
primer, yaitu miselium yang sel-selnya berinti satu hasil pertumbuhan
basidiospora.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miselium
sekunder, yaitu miselium yang sel-selnya berinti dua.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miselium
tersier, yaitu miselium yang terdiri atas miselium sekunder yang terhimpun
membentuk jaringan yang teratur pada pembentukan basidiokarp dan
basidiofor yang menghasilkan basidiospora.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. <i>Volvariella volvacea </i>(jamur merang), enak dimakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. <i>Auricularia politricha </i>(jamur kuping), enak
dimakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. <i>Amanita caesarina</i>, enak dimakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. <i>Amanita verma</i>, beracun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. <i>Ganoderma applanatum </i>(jamur kayu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. <i>Puccinia graminis</i>, parasit pada Gramineae.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. <i>Puccinia arachidis</i>, parasit pada tanaman kacang
tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h. <i>Phakospora pachyrhizi</i>,
parasit pada tanaman kedelai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reproduksi Basidiomycotina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Reproduksi dapat dilakukan secara
vegetatif (aseksual) dan generative (seksual).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aseksual</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
membentuk spora vegetatif berupa konidia atau dengan fragmentasi.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seksual </span></i></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spora
berinti haploid+ dan haploid– tumbuh menjadi hifa+ dan hifa–.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa+
dan hifa– akan melebur menjadi hifa dikariotik (2 inti).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
dikariotik tumbuh menjadi miselium dan akhirnya membentuk tubuh buah
(basidiokarp).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujung-ujung
hifa pada basidiokarp menggelembung (disebut basidium) dan dua inti
haploid menjadi satu inti diploid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inti
diploid membelah secara meiosis menjadi 4 inti haploid. Basidium membentuk
4 tonjolan dan masing-masing tonjolan diisi 1 inti haploid yang akan
berkembang menjadi spora disebut basidiospora.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basidiospora
yang sudah masak akan terlepas dari basidium dan jika jatuh di tempat yang
cocok akan tumbuh menjadi hifa.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deuteromycotina</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-ciri Deuteromycotina</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hifa
bersekat dan dinding sel tersusun dari bahan kitin.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk
spora secara vegetatif dan belum diketahui fase kawinnya (jamur tidak
sempurna atau imperfekti).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reproduksi
aseksual dengan konidium dan seksual belum diketahui.</span></li>
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yang bersifat merusak atau menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan-hewan ternak,
manusia, dan tanaman budidaya.</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidermophyton
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14414399326845328118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2227467081902871750.post-39086866678612731622012-11-29T13:37:00.001-08:002012-11-29T13:37:13.024-08:00Postulat Koch<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tentang Postulat Koch</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) seorang profesional di bidang</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesehatan,
memulai penelitian dengan pendekatan ilmiah terhadap bidang mikrobiologi
penyakit. Ia membuat aturan, yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama postulat Koch,
yang digunakan untuk menetapkan bahwa mikroorganisme tertentu sebagai penyebab
penyakit atau bukan. Ada empat ketentuan di postulat Koch, yakni :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mikroorganisme tertentu yang dicurigai harus selalu dijumpai
berasosiasi dengan organisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
sakit</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mikroorganisme yang dicurigai tersebut harus dapat dipisahkan
(diisolasi) dari organisme sakit dan dibiakkan menjadi biakan murni di
laboratorium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biakan murni mikroorganisme yang dicurigai, akan menimbulkan
penyakit yang sama jika dengan sengaja ditularkan (diinokulasikan) kepada
organisme sejenis yang rentan (susceptible)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan menggunakan prosedur laboratorium, mikroorganisme yang sama
harus dapat diperoleh dari organisme rentan yang sakit karena sengaja ditulari.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari postulat tersebut, Koch juga mengembangkan teknik membiakan
mikroorganisme dan teknik pewarnaan pada mikroskopi mikroorganisme. Salah satu
teknik membiakan mikro-organisme yang dikembangkan dan sangat membantu dalam
dunia mikro-biologi yaitu menemukan media tumbuh yang padat. Mediua tumbuh
sebelumnya yang dikembangkan oleh banyak peneliti merupakan media cair berupa
kaldu daging atau ekstrak tanaman.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media padat yang dikembangkan awalnya berupa media cair yang
dicampur dengan gelatin, tetapi media gelatin ini akan mencair pada suhu
pertumbuhan, sehingga akhirnya dikembangkan media padat dari agar-agar. Media
agar merupakan substrat yang sangat abaik untuk memisahkan mikroorganisme,
sehingga masing-masing jenisnya menja-di tumbuh terpisah-pisah. Digunakannya
media padat ini memungkinkan mikroorganisme tumbuh dengan agak berjauhan dari
sesamanya dan setiap selnya berhimpun membentuk koloni atau masa sel sejenis
yang dapat dilihat oleh mata (lihat gambar). Semua sel dalam satu koloni sama,
kesemuanya merupakan keturunan (progeni) dari satu sel mikroorganisme dan
karena itu mewakili apa yang disebut biakan murni.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tugas
2</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uraikan sumbangan
Leewenhoek terhadap Mikrobiologi...?</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bandingkan antara
sumbangan Louis Pasteur dengan sumbangan Koch. Kemudian berikan komentar
mengenai perbedaan konseap pendekatan...?</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apakah hubungan antara
teori nutfa fermentasi dan teori nutfa penyakit...?</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengapa untuk perkembangan
Mikrobiologi diperlukan penolakan terhadap teori Generatio Spontanae...?</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengapa Mikroorganisme
seringkali digunakan untuk menelaah fenomena Biologis...? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">JAWABAN</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumbangan Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek terhadap mikrobiologi sangat penting. Dimulai pada abad(1632 –
1723). Leewenhoek yang adalah seorang pedagang kain, menggemparkan dunia ilmuan
melalui penemuanya yang berhasil membuktikan keberadaan mikroorganisme secara
nyata melalui lensa dengan pembesaran sampai 400 x yang diciptakanya.
Leeuwenhoek yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai kegemaran
mengasah batu lensa. Dengan menggunakan lensanya, secara kebetulan dia
menemukan organisme-organisme kecil dari dalam air hujan, air laut, dari sela-sela
gigi dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu, hasil-hasil pengamatannya pada
organisme-organisme kecil tersebut menjadi sangat menakjubkan untuk ukuran pada
jaman itu, bahkan sampai sekarang jika didasarkan kepada sederhananya alat yang
digunakan. Penemuan Leeuwenhoek tersebut itulah merupakan awal penting dalam
dunia mikrobiologi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari perbandingannya
perbedaan konsep pendekatan, Louis pasteur lebih ke pendekatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eksperimen. Sementara Koch dengan pendekatan
ilmia.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kedua teori dicetuskan
Louis Pasteur. Selain itu kedua – duanya memperkuat cetusan bantahan untuk
teeori generatio spontanea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebap tori Generatio
Spontanea yang mengatakan mikroorganisme itu tumbuh secara tiba – tiba, tidak
diperkuat melalui pengujian yang pasti terlebih dahulu. Munculnya teori – teori
bantahan yang lebih meyakinkan melalui pendekatan eksperimen serta ilmia,
semakin menegaskan penolakan terhadapnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karena Mikroorganisme
mempunyai banyak sifat yang dapat dipakai sebagai pola atau model untuk
menyelidiki fenomena biologi.</span></div>
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